Zokhudza Wolemba
Dr. Liu Wei, R&D Director ku Ruifengyuan Stone
PhD mu Sayansi ya Zipangizo ndi luso lapadera pa ukadaulo wopanga miyala. Wapanga njira zopangira zinthu zosakanizidwa kuphatikiza kudula kwachikhalidwe ndi makina opangidwa ndi CNC pa ntchito zomanga nyumba zoposa 180. Wafalitsa kafukufuku wokhudza kuvala zida pakupanga miyala mu Journal of Materials Processing Technology.
Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri
- Kukongoletsa miyala ya tchalitchi kumagwirizanitsa zofunikira zinayi za uinjiniya nthawi imodzi: mphamvu ya kapangidwe ka nyumba, kukana moto, chitetezo cha pansi, ndi khalidwe la mawu.
- Maguwa a miyala yamtengo wapatali, zipilala za miyala yosemedwa, ndi zojambula za pansi ndi zinthu zakale kwambiri zomwe zimapangidwa mkati mwa tchalitchi, chilichonse chili ndi mfundo zakezake.
- Kusunga miyala yakale ya tchalitchi kumatsatira njira zofalitsidwa, ndipo Getty Conservation Institute ndi ICCROM zimakhazikitsa miyezo yothandiza.
- Tchalitchi chachikulu cha Cologne chinatenga zaka 632 kuti chimalizidwe, ndipo Sagrada Família yakhala ikumangidwa kuyambira mu 1882 — ntchito za miyala zomwe zimayesedwa m'mibadwomibadwo.
- Pa pansi pa tchalitchi, zokongoletsedwa, zopukutidwa, kapena zoyaka moto ndi zomwe zimakondedwa kuposa zonyezimira kwambiri chifukwa kukana kutsetsereka konyowa ndikofunikira kwambiri kuposa kunyezimira.
Chifukwa Chake Mwala Ndiwofunika Kwambiri pa Zokongoletsa Tchalitchi ndi Kapangidwe Kopatulika
Mwala ndi chinthu chomwe chimadziwika kwambiri ndi zinthu zopatulika m'mapangidwe a Kumadzulo. Kuyambira ma basilica a Aroma mpaka ma cathedrale a Gothic, makoma okhala ndi katundu, zipilala, pansi, ndi maguwa ansembe anamangidwa kuchokera pamenepo, ndipo zifukwa zake sizinali zokongola zokha. Mwala umanyamula kulemera, umakana moto, ndipo - makamaka malo opembedzera - umasintha momwe mawu amachitira. Tchalitchi chovekedwa ndi miyala ya marble ndi miyala ya laimu sichimangowoneka mosiyana ndi holo yamatabwa; chimamveka mosiyana, chimamveka chozizira m'chilimwe, ndipo chimayimira zaka mazana ambiri. Kuphatikizana kwa machitidwe akuthupi ndi ophiphiritsa ndi zomwe zokongoletsera miyala ya tchalitchi zimayambira kukonza.
Kalembedwe ka tchalitchi kamasiyana ndi hotelo iliyonse kapena nyumba. Mipingo imayembekezera kulimba komwe kumayesedwa m'mibadwo yambiri, zomaliza zomwe sizimawala pansi pa nyali ya makandulo, pansi zomwe zimakhala zotetezeka nsapato za m'nyengo yozizira zikamadutsa mu chipale chofewa, ndi zokongoletsera zomwe zimathandizira mwambo m'malo mopikisana nazo. Zoletsa izi zimachepetsera mtundu wa zinthu ndikuwongolera zofunikira zaukadaulo, ndichifukwa chake mapulojekiti a tchalitchi amakhalabe gawo lovuta kwambiri la makampani opanga miyala.
Zofunikira Zapadera Zokongoletsera Miyala ya Tchalitchi
Kupanga miyala ya tchalitchi kumatanthauza kupanga zinthu zonyamula katundu, chitetezo, mawu, ndi kukonza nthawi imodzi. Zinthu zinayi zofunika kwambiri pa miyala ya tchalitchi chilichonse, ndipo ziyenera kufufuzidwa bwino.
Kukhazikika kwa Kapangidwe: Mizati ya Miyala, Ma Arches, ndi Njira Zonyamula Zinthu
Matchalitchi amaika miyala yolemera m'zipilala, ma arches, ndi makoma. Mzati wolimba wa marble wautali mamita 3 ndi mainchesi 300 umalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 570 pa kuchuluka kwa marble kofanana ndi 2,700 kg/m³ — chikumbutso chakuti chinthu chilichonse choyima ndi chisankho cha kapangidwe kake. Mizati imakhala ya monolithic kapena yosonkhanitsidwa m'zigawo ndi ma dowels achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi epoxy; mapanelo ophimba amagwiritsa ntchito ma nangula osapsa ndi dzimbiri kukula kwake potengera kapangidwe kake. M'madera omwe akugwedezeka ndi chivomerezi, mabulaketi oletsa ndi malo olumikizirana ndi ofunikira, chifukwa mphamvu yokakamiza ya miyala (nthawi zambiri imakhala 7,000 mpaka 15,000 psi pa marble pa ASTM C170) imaposa mphamvu yake yokoka — miyala imakhala yolimba pokanikiza koma yofooka ikapindika.
Kukana Moto ndi Chitetezo cha Pansi M'malo Olambirira Anthu Onse
Miyala yachilengedwe siiyaka, ndipo miyala yambiri imapeza ma Class A flame spread ratings pansi pa ASTM E84, muyezo wa zipangizo zomangira ku North America. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ikhale chisankho chachilengedwe cha matchalitchi komwe makandulo, zofukiza, ndi magetsi akale zimakhala pamodzi. Pansi ndi vuto losiyana: mipata ndi ma narthex amawona nsapato zonyowa ndi magalimoto ambiri. Zofotokozera nthawi zambiri zimafuna coefficient ya dynamic dynamic ya friction ya 0.42 kapena kupitirira apo, yoyezedwa pa ANSI A326.3, yomwe imasonyeza kumalizidwa konoledwa, kopukutidwa, kapena koyaka m'malo mopaka utoto wowala kwambiri m'malo ozungulira.
Ma Acoustics: Momwe Mwala Umapangira Phokoso la Malo Opatulika
Mwala umawonetsa phokoso; tchalitchi chachikulu cha miyala ndi chida choimbira cha mawu chokha. Nthawi yoimbira mawu ya masekondi asanu kapena kuposerapo imayesedwa nthawi zonse m'matchalitchi akuluakulu, ndichifukwa chake nyimbo za plainsong ndi organ zinapangidwa momwemo. Zotsatira zake ndi zofanana: miyala ya pansi ndi zipilala, koma matabwa, nsalu, ndi pulasitala ya mipando, denga, ndi makoma komwe kumafunika kuyamwa. Zophimba za mosaic ndi ma panelo osema zimawonjezera kuyang'ana kowoneka bwino popanda kusintha bajeti ya mawu.
Miyala Yakale ya Tchalitchi: Maguwa ansembe, zilembo, mizati, ndi pansi
Zinthu zinayi za miyala zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zokhudza mapemphero ndi zomangamanga m'tchalitchi: guwa lansembe, ambo, malo obatiziramo, ndi dongosolo la mizati. Chilichonse chili ndi mfundo zake zopangira.
Maguwa a Marble, Ma Ambos, ndi Ma Fonti a Ubatizo
Guwa lansembe ndi malo ochitira mapemphero, ndipo miyala yamtengo wapatali imakhalabe chinthu chofala kwambiri. Kupanga kwake kumayambira pa bolodi limodzi lonoledwa mpaka kapangidwe kosonkhanitsidwa ndi mapanelo okongoletsa. Kayendedwe ka ntchito kosakanikirana komwe kanakhazikitsidwa ndi Dr. Liu Wei — CNC rough profiles kutsatiridwa ndi kujambula ndi manja kwa ziboliboli ndi mapangidwe — kumagwirizana bwino ndi kalasi iyi yazinthu: makina amachotsa zinthuzo, manja amamaliza tanthauzo. Ma ambo ndi ma pulpit amatsatira mfundo zomwezo pang'onopang'ono, nthawi zambiri ndi malo owerengera kuti agwire buku lotseguka bwino.
Mizati Yosemedwa ndi Zipilala Zopangira Mkati mwa Tchalitchi
Mizati ndi ma pilaster zimapatsa tchalitchi kamvekedwe kake kowongoka. Zikulu za ku Korinto zokhala ndi masamba a acanthus zimakhalabe dongosolo lakale la mkati mwa tchalitchi, kutsatiridwa ndi mipukutu ya Ionic; mipiringidzo yozungulira imawonjezera mawonekedwe owala ndi amthunzi omwe ma cylinders wamba alibe. Chifukwa matchalitchi amakonda kusinthasintha, ma pilaster awiriawiri ndi zikulu zofanana zimafuna mawonekedwe ofanana m'mayunitsi angapo - momwe zimakhalira pamene zojambula ndi zojambulajambula zoyendetsedwa ndi CNC zimasakanikirana.chosema miyala mwamakondandizipilala za miyala yosemedwakuchokera kwa wopanga zinthu mmodzi kumapangitsa kuti zinthuzo zikhale zofanana.
Pansi pa Tchalitchi ndi Zokongoletsera za Mosaic: Njira Yoyendera
Njira yodutsa m'njirayi ndi yoyendera anthu ambiri, ndipo pansi pa tchalitchi papangidwa kuti anthu aziyendamo pang'onopang'ono. Madzi a laimu kapena travertine okongoletsedwa bwino amayenerana ndi kachisi; miyala ya marble yokhala ndizophimba za mosaicChimayimira malo opatulika ndi kwaya. Mwambowu umakhala wozama kwambiri — matchalitchi a Byzantine a m'zaka za m'ma 500 ndi 600 anakhazikitsa zojambula za pansi pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya opus tesellatum, ndipo mwambowu sunachoke kwathunthu m'nyumba ya tchalitchi. Malire ndi ma medallions pa mtanda kapena patsogolo pa guwa lansembe amamanga mzere wa mapemphero.
Kubwezeretsa ndi Kusunga Miyala Yakale ya Tchalitchi
Ntchito zambiri zomangira miyala ya tchalitchi zimakhalapo nthawi yayitali kuposa omanga ake oyambirira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kukonzanso kukhale gawo lokhazikika la zokongoletsera miyala ya tchalitchi. Kusunga ndi gawo lokhala ndi malamulo ofalitsidwa, ndipo mabungwe a m'mundawu amakhazikitsa malamulo othandiza.
Njira Zoyeretsera Zosungira Miyala ya Tchalitchi
Njira yoyeretsera iyenera kugwirizana ndi mtundu wa miyala ndi kuwonongeka. Kupukuta madzi pang'ono, kupukuta mchere, ndi kutsuka ndi laser kuti mupewe ziphuphu zakuda ndiye chida chodziwika bwino; kupukuta mchenga ndi miyala yofewa ya laimu ndiye cholakwika chachikale chomwe chimawononga zinthu zosemedwa.Getty Conservation InstitutendiICCROMfalitsani malangizo okhudza njira zimenezi, ndipo malangizo awo amagwira ntchito ku matchalitchi a parishi komanso m'matchalitchi akuluakulu.
Kupeza Mwala Wosintha Nyumba Zakale za Tchalitchi
Mwala wolowa m'malo uyenera kufanana ndi nsalu yakale mu kapangidwe kake, ma porosity, mtundu, ndi mapeto ake - osati mawonekedwe okha. Zolemba ndizofunikira: ma chart oteteza amafunika zolemba za komwe mwala watsopano unachokera, momwe unadulidwira, ndi chithandizo chomwe unalandira. Pakukulitsa kwamakono, akatswiri ambiri omanga nyumba amasiyanitsa mwadala mwala watsopano ndi wakale m'malo moutsanzira, njira yomwe imasunga kudalirika kwa nsalu yakale ndikupangitsa kuti njirayo iwonekere.
Makabati Akale: Matchalitchi Akulu Omangidwa Pamwala
Nyumba ziwiri zikusonyeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomangamanga za miyala ya tchalitchi: imodzi inatha patatha zaka 632, imodzi ikupitirirabe.
Tchalitchi cha Cologne: Zaka 632 Zomangidwa ndi Limestone
Tchalitchi chachikulu cha Cologne chinayamba mu 1248 ndipo chinamalizidwa mu 1880 — zaka 632 za kumanga miyala mosalekeza, kupitilira pa miyala yamchere ya m'deralo komanso chikhulupiriro cholimba chakuti zojambula zoyambirira zinali zoyenera kumalizidwa.Mndandanda wa Zolowa Zapadziko Lonse wa UNESCOmu 1996. Kwa ogulitsa miyala, tchalitchi chachikuluchi ndi umboni wokhazikika wakuti zojambula za miyala yamchere, zikasamalidwa bwino, zimakhalabe zowerengeka patatha zaka mazana asanu ndi awiri.
Sagrada Família: Nyumba Yomanga Miyala Ikadali Patsogolo
Sagrada Família ku Barcelona yakhala ikumangidwa kuyambira mu 1882. Kapangidwe ka Antoni Gaudí kamagwiritsa ntchito miyala yochokera m'mabwalo ozungulira Catalonia, ndipo nsanjazo tsopano zikukwera kudzera mu kuphatikiza miyala yachikhalidwe komanso kupanga zinthu za digito. Pulojekitiyi ikuwonetsa ntchito zamakono zoperekera miyala kutchalitchi: kusankha miyala, uinjiniya wa zomangamanga, kupanga ma profiles a CNC, ndi kumaliza ndi manja munjira imodzi yopitilira - njira yogwirira ntchito.mapulojekiti omanga tchalitchi ndi chipembedzokuyembekezera kwambiri kuchokera kwa wopanga zinthu m'modzi.
Mafunso Omwe Amafunsidwa Kawirikawiri Okhudza Kukongoletsa Miyala ya Tchalitchi
Kodi kusiyana pakati pa miyala ya marble ndi miyala ya limestone m'nyumba za tchalitchi ndi kotani?
Marble ndi mwala wosinthika womwe umatenga kuwala kwapamwamba ndipo umasonyeza mitsempha yodabwitsa, yoyenera maguwa ansembe, zipilala, ndi ma medallion a pansi. Marble ndi mwala wopangidwa ndi dothi wokhala ndi malo ofewa komanso ofanana, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popangira makoma ndi malo opanda phokoso pansi. Marble ndi wotsika mtengo ndipo amakanda mosavuta; marble imapereka chithunzithunzi champhamvu komanso chowala.
Kodi guwa lansembe la miyala kapena gome losemedwa limapangidwa bwanji?
Njirayi imayamba ndi kusanthula kwa 3D kapena chitsanzo, kutsatiridwa ndi kusanthula molakwika pa makina a CNC, kenako kumalizidwa ndi osema kuti apeze zambiri monga zifaniziro zopumira ndi zoumba. Malo ake amayeretsedwa ndi zida za diamondi ndikutsekedwa musanaperekedwe. Guwa lansembe lapakati lomwe lili ndi zojambula zopumira nthawi zambiri limafuna masiku 30 mpaka 60 kuti lipangidwe.
Ndi miyala iti yomwe ili yoyenera pansi pa tchalitchi?
Zomalizidwa bwino, zopukutidwa, komanso zoyaka moto zimagwirizana ndi pansi pa tchalitchi chifukwa zimachepetsa chiopsezo chotsetsereka komanso zimabisa kuwonongeka kuposa miyala yopukutidwa. Ma marble opukutidwa bwino ayenera kukhala pa maguwa ansembe ndi makoma pomwe anthu ambiri samayenda. Pa mipata ndi malo otsetsereka, tchulani zomalizidwa bwino ndipo onetsetsani kuti pali kukhutitsidwa kotani kwa madzi musanayitanitse.
Kodi matchalitchi amakono amafunikira miyala yachilengedwe, kapena kodi zipangizo zopangidwa ndi akatswiri zingathe kuisintha?
Mwala wachilengedwe si wokakamiza; porcelain, terrazzo, ndi miyala yopangidwa ndi akatswiri zimatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira zaukadaulo. Mwala wachilengedwe umakhalabe wofala chifukwa cha kamvekedwe kake ka mawu, mawonekedwe ake pakapita nthawi, komanso kugwirizana kwake ndi nsalu yakale. Pokulitsa kapena kukonzanso matchalitchi akale, malangizo osungira nthawi zambiri amafuna mitundu ndi zomaliza za miyala yachilengedwe.
Kodi ndi makulidwe otani omwe amafunika pa matabwa a pansi pa tchalitchi pamene anthu ambiri akuyenda?
Pansi pa tchalitchi zambiri pamagwiritsa ntchito matabwa okhuthala a 20 mm, okhala ndi 30 mm omwe amaikidwa pamipata, malo osungiramo zinthu, ndi malo olowera komwe katundu amadzaza. Mwala uyenera kukhala pamalo okhazikika okhala ndi malo olumikizirana oyenera; matailosi opyapyala a 10 mm sakuvomerezeka panjira zazikulu zoyendera m'nyumba za anthu onse chifukwa amasweka pansi pa katundu wodzaza.
Kodi miyala yakale ya tchalitchi iyenera kuwonedwa kangati?
Kuyang'ana m'maso kumalimbikitsidwa kamodzi pachaka, kuyang'ana kwambiri mizati, mitu yayikulu, ndi miyala yakunja kuti ione ming'alu, kunyezimira kwa mchere, ndi kukula kwa zamoyo. Kafukufuku wathunthu wa kapangidwe ka nyumba nthawi zambiri amakonzedwa zaka 5 mpaka 10 zilizonse, kapena mwamsanga pambuyo pa mphepo yamkuntho, kugwedezeka kuchokera ku zomangamanga zapafupi, kapena chochitika chilichonse chofunikira chomwe chikukhudza nyumbayo.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-07-2026