Nkhani - Kufananiza Miyala ya Bwalo la Chitchaina: Kuphatikiza Miyambo ndi Zamakono

Zokhudza Wolemba

Dr. Liu Wei, R&D Director ku Ruifengyuan Stone

PhD mu Sayansi ya Zipangizo ndi luso lapadera pa ukadaulo wopanga miyala. Anapanga njira zopangira zinthu zosakanizidwa kuphatikiza kudula kwachikhalidwe ndi makina opangidwa ndi CNC pa ntchito zomanga nyumba zoposa 180. Anafalitsa kafukufuku wokhudza kuvala zida pakupanga miyala mu Journal of Materials Processing Technology.

Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri

Kapangidwe ka miyala ya pabwalo la ku China, komwe mizu yake yakhala ikugwira ntchito kwa zaka zoposa 2,000, kamaphatikiza zizindikiro zachikhalidwe ndi zomangamanga zomwe mayeso amakono amatsimikizira. Mwala nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi 15 mpaka 25% ya malo a pabwalo m'mapangidwe achikhalidwe, chiŵerengero chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa ntchito zamakono. Mwala wabuluu ndi granite ndizomwe zimakhala zolimba kwambiri pakupanga miyala yamvula, pomwe miyala yamchere ya Taihu imakondedwa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake osema. Kutanthauzira kwamakono kumatha kusintha kuphimba miyala kukhala 30 mpaka 40% pomwe kumasunga mawonekedwe abwino posankha zinthu mosamala. Kukonzekera bwino maziko ndi kutseka kumawonjezera moyo wautumiki kupitirira zaka 50 kwa opanga miyala ya pabwalo.

Kapangidwe ka bwalo la ku China kakuyimira chimodzi mwa miyambo yakale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yokhazikika, ndipo miyala ndi chinthu chokhalitsa kwambiri. Kuyambira njira za miyala yamchere za minda ya akatswiri a mafumu a Ming mpaka kuyika malo amakono, miyala yachilengedwe yatanthauzira ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa nyumba zomangidwa ndi chilengedwe. **Vuto lomwe opanga mapulani amakono akukumana nalo ndi kusunga chikhalidwe chenicheni pamene akuphatikiza zipangizo zamakono ndi njira zomangira.** Malinga ndi Getty Conservation Institute, nyumba zakale zoposa 70% za minda yakale yaku China zimakhala ndi miyala yachilengedwe yomwe imafuna chidziwitso chapadera chosamalira kuti isungidwe. Bukuli likufotokoza momwe mfundo zachikhalidwe zofananira miyala ya bwalo la ku China zingagwiritsidwire ntchito pomanga nyumba zamakono komanso malo ochereza alendo.

Zipangizo Zamwala Zachikhalidwe Zaku China ndi Kufunika Kwake Kwa Chikhalidwe

**Miyambo ya miyala ya m'munda ya ku China yayambira zaka zoposa 2,000,** ndi mafumu osiyanasiyana omwe amakonda mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya miyala. Miyala ya Taihu, yomwe inakumbidwa pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Tai ku Chigawo cha Jiangsu, yakhala ikulemekezedwa kuyambira nthawi ya mafumu a Tang chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake owonongeka, opangidwa ndi ziboliboli zomwe zimayimira kukongola kwa Taoist kwa kupanda ungwiro kwachilengedwe. Miyala ya akatswiri (gongshi), miyala yowonongeka mwachilengedwe yomwe imawonetsedwa payekhapayekha, ikuyimira lingaliro la Confucian la kulingalira mwadongosolo. Miyambo iyi idakhazikitsa mfundo zomwe zikupitilirabe kukhudza kusankha miyala ya m'bwalo la China lerolino.

Mwala wabuluu (qingshi), womwe ndi mwala wokhuthala wa miyala ya laimu kapena mchenga, umapereka zinthu zolimba zomwe zimapezeka m'mabwalo osungidwa bwino ku Suzhou ndi Beijing. Mitundu yake yocheperako ya imvi-buluu imamera bwino, ndikupanga utoto womwe umalemba zaka zambiri za anthu oyenda pansi. Mitundu ya granite kuphatikiza ngale yaku China ndi sesame white idagwiritsidwa ntchito kale popanga zinthu monga masitepe, ma plinths, ndi zigawo za mlatho chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zopondereza zopitirira 19,000 psi. Kusankha kwa zinthuzi sikunali kopanda tsankho—**zinawonetsa kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa miyala komwe mainjiniya amakono akutsimikizira.**

Mfundo Zopangira Mapangidwe a Miyala Yofanana ndi Bwalo la Chitchaina

Kulinganiza kwa Hardscape ndi Softscape mu Kapangidwe ka Miyala Yachikhalidwe ya M'munda

Mfundo yaikulu mu Chitchainakufananiza miyala ya m'mundandi mgwirizano pakati pa yin (yofewa, yachilengedwe) ndi yang (yolimba, yomangika). **Mwala umayimira yang—yokhazikika, yokonzedwa, komanso yofotokozedwa.** Uyenera kulinganizidwa ndi madzi, zomera, ndi malo otseguka. Kafukufuku wa Getty Conservation Institute pa minda yakale ya Suzhou akusonyeza kuti miyala nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi 15 mpaka 25% ya malo a bwalo m'mapangidwe achikhalidwe, chiŵerengero chomwe akatswiri omanga malo amakono angatchule pamlingo weniweni.

Kutanthauzira kwamakono nthawi zambiri kumasinthasintha chiŵerengerochi kufika pa 30 mpaka 40% ya miyala yophimbidwa kuti igwirizane ndi moyo wamakono, mipando yakunja, ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto. Chofunika kwambiri ndikusunga mawonekedwe abwino mwa kusankha mosamala zinthu. Miyala yopepuka imapangitsa kuti mawonekedwe awonekere asakhale olemera kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malowo akhale otseguka popanda kuwononga malo. Miyala yakuda komanso yokongola kwambiri imafuna chiŵerengero chochepa cha chivindikiro kuti isunge malingaliro achikhalidwe otseguka.

Mapangidwe a Miyala ndi Njira Yopangira Miyala Yopangira Mapangidwe a Bwalo la Chitchaina

Njira m'minda yachikhalidwe yaku China zimatsatira njira zinazake zoyikira. Kuyika miyala mozungulira mozungulira (binglie) kumagwiritsa ntchito miyala yosakhazikika yolumikizidwa popanda malo olumikizana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe achilengedwe. Kuyika miyala mozungulira (hua pu) kumayika miyala m'mawonekedwe ophiphiritsa—ndalama, mileme, kapena mapangidwe a geometric—omwe akuwonetsa kutukuka ndi mwayi. **Njira zonsezi zimayika patsogolo kusalingana m'malo mofanana,** kuwonetsa kusalingana kwachilengedwe komwe kumayamikiridwa mu kukongola kwa ku China.

Pa ntchito zamakono, mapanelo a miyala olumikizana okhala ndi CNC-cut molondola amakwaniritsa kusawoneka bwino kwa njira zachikhalidwe pomwe akukwaniritsa zofunikira zamakono. Kafukufuku wa National Building Museum pa zipangizo zokhazikika za malo akuti miyala yokhala ndi maziko oyenera imatha kukhala ndi moyo wothandiza zaka zoposa 50 pakugwiritsira ntchito pabwalo, poyerekeza ndi zaka 15 mpaka 20 pa njira zina za konkriti.

Kufananiza Miyala ya Bwalo la Chitchaina (2)

Kuphatikiza Zinthu Zamwala Zachikhalidwe ndi Zomangamanga Zamakono

Kusankha Miyala ya Ma Palette Amtundu wa Bwalo Lamakono

Mitundu ya miyala yachikhalidwe yaku China—yabuluu-imvi, imvi yofunda, ndi yoyera pang'ono—imakhalabe yofunikira pamapangidwe amakono koma ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ndi mitundu yolimba. Granite wakuda wakuda imapereka kusiyana kwakukulu motsutsana ndi makoma oyera, zomwe zimawonedwa kawirikawiri m'matanthauzidwe amakono ouziridwa ndi kukongola kwa mzinda wamadzi wa Jiangnan. Miyala yofunda ya mchenga wa beige imapanga malo abata oyenera mapangidwe a bwalo laling'ono. **Kutentha kwa mtundu wa miyala kuyenera kugwirizana ndi zipangizo zomangira:** imvi yozizira imagwirizana ndi konkire ndi galasi, pomwe beige yofunda imagwirizana ndi matabwa ndi pulasitala wachilengedwe.

Kusankha malo omalizidwa pamwamba kumakhudza mawonekedwe ndi magwiridwe antchito. Malo omalizidwa ndi moto kapena opangidwa ndi nyundo ya chitsamba amapereka malo osagwedezeka kuti apangidwe panja pomwe amapanga mawonekedwe ogwirira omwe amasiyanitsa miyala yachilengedwe ndi ina yopangidwa. Malo omalizidwa bwino amapereka malo abwino okhala ndi mipando ndi matebulo. Kusiyana pakati pa malo omalizidwa ndi zinthu zosalala kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe owoneka bwino omwe amatsogolera kuyenda m'bwalo.

Makoma a Miyala monga Malo Oyang'anira Bwalo

Makoma opangidwa m'mabwalo amakono aku China amalimbikitsidwa ndi khoma lachikhalidwe lotchinga (yingbi) lomwe limatseka mizimu yoyipa pomwe limapereka chinsinsi chowoneka. Kutanthauzira kwamakono kumagwiritsa ntchito miyala yolumikizidwa, mapanelo a marble ofanana ndi mabuku, kapena mapanelo okongoletsa kuti apange malo ofunikira omwe amamangirira chipinda chakunja. Kukhazikitsa miyala yayitali kuyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi uinjiniya wa zomangamanga kuti zigwirizane ndi kulemera, nthawi zambiri mapaundi 12 mpaka 18 pa sikweya mita imodzi pa veneer ya miyala ya masentimita awiri mpaka atatu.

Zinthu zamadzi zophatikizidwa ndi miyala zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zochitika zosiyanasiyana pabwalo. ** Phokoso la madzi oyenda pamwamba pa miyala yopangidwa ndi mawonekedwe limabisa phokoso la m'mizinda pamene likuziziritsa microclimate.** Dipatimenti ya Mphamvu ku US inanena kuti zinthu zamadzi zopangidwa bwino zimatha kuchepetsa kutentha kwa mlengalenga ndi 5 mpaka 8°F m'dera lawo lapafupi kudzera mu kuzizira kwa nthunzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zamadzi zopangidwa ndi miyala zikhale zokongola komanso zothandiza m'mabwalo amakono.

Mipando Yamiyala ndi Zinthu Zokongoletsera Malo Okhala Pakhonde

Mipando ya miyala, matebulo, ndi zinthu zokongoletsera zimamaliza kapangidwe ka bwalo. Ng'oma zamwala zachikhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe a benchi zitha kumasuliridwanso m'mawonekedwe amakono pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwezo. Njira zosema miyala zimalola zinthu zokongoletsera zomwe zimakhala ndi zojambula zachikhalidwe popanda kubwerezabwereza mbiri yakale. Mapanelo opumulira opangidwa ndi CNC okhala ndi mawonekedwe osavuta a mitambo, mafunde, kapena mapiri amapereka malo ofotokozera chikhalidwe pamene akusunga kukongola kwamakono.

Kulemera kwa mipando yamwala kumafuna kuganizira za malo ake ndi pansi pake. Zidutswa zopitirira mapaundi 200 ziyenera kuyikidwa pa maziko a konkire wolimbikitsidwa m'malo molunjika pa mapaipi. Mapangidwe a mipando yamwala yozungulira tsopano amalola kusintha kosavuta pamene akusunga unyinji ndi mawonekedwe okhazikika a miyala. Kugwirizana kwa zinthu pakati pa mipando ndi mapaipi oyandikana kumapangitsa kuti pakhale umodzi wowoneka bwino, pomwe kusiyana koyenera kumakopa chidwi cha zidutswa payokha.

Kufananiza Miyala ya Bwalo la ku China (1)

Kusamalira ndi Kukhalitsa kwa Miyala ya Khoti

Malo a miyala a pabwalo omwe ali panja amafunika njira zoyenera zowasamalira. Kuyeretsa nyengo ndi zotsukira miyala zopanda pH kumalepheretsa kukula kwa zamoyo m'malo ozizira. Kugwiritsa ntchito sealer zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zilizonse pa granite wokhuthala komanso chaka chilichonse pa miyala yamchenga yokhala ndi mabowo kumateteza ku utoto ndi kuwonongeka kwa nyengo. ** Malangizo a Getty Conservation Institute a mbiri yakalemwala wa m'mundaNdibwino kupewa kutsuka ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yoposa 1,200 psi, zomwe zingawononge miyala yofewa ndikuwononga zigawo zomatira.

Pa zowonetsera miyala yamwala yachikhalidwe ya ku Taihu, akatswiri oteteza zachilengedwe amalimbikitsa kuwunika chaka chilichonse kuti awone ngati pali malo okhala ndi zamoyo komanso ming'alu ya nyumba. Kukhazikitsa mabwalo amakono kumapindula ndi kapangidwe kabwino ka ngalande ndi kukonzekera pansi komwe kumachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa madzi. Kukonzekera bwino maziko okhala ndi zigawo zopapatiza komanso zotulutsira madzi kumawonjezera nthawi yogwirira ntchito pamisewu ya miyala, monga momwe zalembedwera mu kafukufuku wa zomangamanga.

Fufuzani Zogulitsa Zamiyala Zaku China Zogwirizana

Pa njira zothetsera mavuto panjira ya pabwalo, njira zachilengedwe zopangira miyala ya marble zimapereka zinthu zolimba zopaka pabwalo zokhala ndi mitundu yofunda ya kirimu. Mizati yokongoletsera ya miyala imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zizindikiro zolowera m'njira yachikhalidwe kapena malo ofunikira m'munda. Mapanelo a miyala yosemedwa okhala ndi zinthu zokongoletsera amawonjezera zikhalidwe zabwino kwambiri pamakoma a pabwalo. Zokongoletsera za miyala zimawonjezera zokongoletsera pabwalo ndi zinthu zokongoletsera.

Mafunso Omwe Amafunsidwa Kawirikawiri Okhudza Kufananiza Miyala ya Bwalo la ku China

Q1: Ndi mwala wamtundu wanji womwe umagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri popangira minda yachikhalidwe yaku China m'malo ozizira?

Mitundu ya miyala ya Bluestone (qingshi) ndi granite ndi yoyenera kwambiri popanga miyala yachilengedwe yokhala ndi chinyezi. Miyala yolimba iyi imayamwa chinyezi chochepera 0.20% kulemera kwake, kukana kuwonongeka ndi kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana komanso kukula kwa zamoyo. Miyala ya miyala yamchere ndi mchenga yofewa imafunika kusamalidwa bwino m'malo onyowa. Mapeto oyaka moto kapena opangidwa ndi nyundo ya mitengo amathandizanso kuti miyala yakunja isagwedezeke m'madera amvula.

Q2: Kodi mapangidwe amakono a bwalo angaphatikizepo bwanji kukongola kwa miyala yachikhalidwe yaku China?

Kuphatikizana kwenikweni kumayang'ana kwambiri pa mfundo osati kuberekana kolondola. Sungani chiŵerengero cha miyala ndi munda cha 15 mpaka 25% kuchokera m'minda yakale. Gwiritsani ntchito miyala yochokera kwanuko ngati n'kotheka. Phatikizani kusalinganika kwachilengedwe m'mapangidwe opaka miyala. Sankhani mitundu ya imvi-buluu kapena imvi yofunda ngati mitundu yoyambirira. Onjezani chinthu chimodzi chofotokozera chikhalidwe—monga khoma losema kapena mwala wa ophunzira—m'malo modzaza malo ndi tsatanetsatane wa nthawi.

Q3: Kodi makulidwe otani omwe amalimbikitsidwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito popanga miyala ya pabwalo kuti isasweke ndi chiyani?

Pa ntchito zoyendera anthu oyenda pansi, miyala iyenera kukhala yokhuthala osachepera 3 cm pa granite ndi 4 cm pa miyala yofewa monga mchenga. Malo olowera magalimoto amafunika makulidwe a 5 cm. Kukonzekera bwino maziko okhala ndi 15 cm ya aggregate yopapatiza ndi 3 cm ya mchenga ndikofunikira mosasamala kanthu za makulidwe a paver, chifukwa ming'alu yambiri imachitika chifukwa cha kusakwanira kwa substrate m'malo mwa makulidwe osakwanira a miyala.

Q4: Kodi miyala yamwala yachikhalidwe ya Taihu ingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mabwalo amakono, ndipo imachokera kuti?

Miyala ya Taihu ikadalipobe pa ntchito zamakono, ngakhale kuti kuteteza zachilengedwe kuli ndi miyala yochepa. Miyala yobwezedwa kuchokera pakukonzanso nyumba imapereka njira ina yabwino. Pa malo atsopano, miyala ya miyala yofanana ndi imeneyi yochokera ku miyala ina yaku China imapereka mawonekedwe ofanana. Miyala iyi imafunika kutsekedwa kuti isadetsedwe ndipo siyenera kuyikidwa m'malo omwe mchere wothira kapena madzi otuluka mu asidi angawakhudze.

Q5: Kodi kusankha miyala ya pabwalo kumakhudza bwanji chitonthozo cha kutentha kwakunja m'chilimwe?

Malo amdima a miyala amayamwa kuwala kwa dzuwa kwambiri ndipo amatha kufika kutentha kwa madigiri 20 mpaka 30 kuposa mpweya wozungulira masiku a dzuwa. Ma granite ndi miyala yamwala yowala imawonetsa kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kutentha kwa pamwamba kukhala pafupi ndi malo ozungulira. Malo oyaka moto kapena okhala ndi mawonekedwe amachepetsa kuyamwa kwa kutentha poyerekeza ndi zomaliza zopukutidwa zamtundu womwewo. Mitengo yamthunzi, madenga, kapena zinthu zamadzi zomwe zili pafupi ndi miyala zimatha kuchepetsa kutentha kwa pamwamba ndi madigiri 10 mpaka 15.

Q6: Kodi miyala yolimba kwambiri yopangira mipando ndi mipando m'bwalo ndi iti?

Zomalizidwa bwino kapena zokongoletsedwa ndi chikopa zimapereka kulimba kwabwino kwambiri kwa mipando yamwala yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi nyengo. Zomalizidwa bwino zimakhala zoterera zikanyowa ndipo zimawonetsa kufiira chifukwa cha mvula ya asidi. Zomalizidwa bwino, ngakhale zimakhala zolimba, zimakhala zovuta kukhala pampando. Granite ndi basalt wokhuthala zimalimbikitsidwa kuposa marble pa mipando yakunja chifukwa cha kukana kwabwino kwa madontho komanso kusafunikira kosamalira bwino. Kutseka kwa pachaka kumateteza ku kuwonongeka kwa nyengo ndi kutayika kwa madontho.

Mapeto

Kufananiza miyala ya pabwalo la ku China kumayimira kukambirana pakati pa nzeru zakale ndi kapangidwe kamakono. Mwa kumvetsetsa kufunika kwa chikhalidwe cha zipangizo zachikhalidwe monga miyala yamchere ya Taihu ndi miyala yabuluu, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za kulinganiza kwa yin-yang, kuphimba kofanana, ndi kusalinganika kwachilengedwe, opanga mapulani amakono amatha kupanga malo a pabwalo omwe amalemekeza miyambo pamene akukwaniritsa miyezo yogwira ntchito komanso yokongola ya masiku ano. Kuyambira pakupanga njira mpaka makoma ndi mipando, chinthu chilichonse chamwala chimathandizira kuti pakhale malo ogwirizana akunja omwe amalumikiza cholowa ndi zamakono.